I think you are confusing effect damage with cause damage .
When the retaining pin sheared the clutch would have spun & that would have caused the damage in the photos
That clutch has been hammering the retaining pin far too much so something is causing the clutch to slam into the pin, back off & slam into the pin again.
Loose engine mounting bolts will do this
Failed belt tensioner will do this
Running a belt that is too tight & mowing thick tufted grasses ( or hitting a lot of tree roots or scaopling the ground a lot ) will do this
Running with a bent blade will do this
Failed spindle bearings will do this
A bent PTO shaft will do this
Running a deck that is too heavy for the clutch will do this .
A broken wire is the clutch coil that is consistantly making & breaking contact will do this
If that was in my workshop I would file that slot true then weld in a thrust plate so the pin only has about 0.030" of clearance .
Before that I would have run the engine for a few seconds to check the PTO shaft is not bent and of course given the engine a good shove to make sure it is tight in the frame .
This is going to be a difficult problem to diagnose because there are so many causes that could be the problem either by themselves or in addition to each other .