Thoughts On The Matter:
Problem with filters (especially the spin-on/enclosed kind) is that the end user (us) do not have the equipment, technical expertees to make an informed judgement as to how effective the filter is.
As others have noted, where the filter is made has little bearing on its quality (quality, in this instance, being how well it filters, while allowing good fuel/air/oil flow).
Standards met and the availability of specifications, is your best method for determining quality. Unfortunatly such information can be hard to find or completely absent.
A further angst for the consumer is that your filter supplier may, without notice, change manufacture - the filter costs & looks the same but does it meet the same standards????
Flow Restriction;
This is not such a big deal for fuel & air ie little if any damage will result and the effects should be obvious to the machine operator. Oil filtration is another matter - The effect of restricted oil flow could be catastrophic. If you are operating a sophisticated machine you may have gauges that show oil temperature/pressure and or warning lights, so timely intervention may save your engine. Most of us don't have this level of sophistication, so the first sign of restricted oil flow, may be overheating or even a seized engine.
Ineffective Filtration;
Probably not a serious problem for oil & fuel. An air filter that is not doing its job could quickly lead to a "dusted" engine. Damaged rings & bore may result in costly repairs/replacement.
In summary;
Purchase filters from well known brands, who likly value their reputation.
Fuel filters - If possible use gauze filters that can be inspected and/or serviced - check regularly. Filter fuel into tank.
Air filters - Check regularly for contamination build up. Service/Replace as needed (not necessarily at set intervals)
Oil filters - Do your best. Replace at recommended intervals.