A couple of things:
1. There are a few of the guides that the belt goes between the pulley itself and the guides. Make sure you have the belt between them and the pully. My deck has two of the "flaps" on one pulley. And one on the other. I went through two belts one day because I didn't notice the extra "flap"...
2. Also, usually if you have a bad pulley that keeps throwing belts, you'll be able to feel or hear it when you turn it by hand. It'll either be completely locked up or it you can hear it making sort of a metal on metal noise. But if it's bad bearings (in the pulley) you should smell rubber burning just before it throws a belt.
My guess is you're not getting the belt under all the flaps. And since the flaps are thin with sort of a sharp, it's cutting them very quickly.