Thank you everyone for your help. Not sure if it was the aftermarket belt or the pulleys or a combination of both. Either way my dad is back in business and I don't have to buy him a new mower!
That's crazy. Ok so now I'm wondering what else could be the issue. Does the spacer go underneath the pulley or above and does the pulley side with the exposed bearing face up or down? I assume the spacer goes on the bearing side so it doesn't bind. This is the belt I used:
https://a.co/d/0hm5ipbo
I attempted to replace all 3 belts today. When I removed the idler pulley for the lower drive belt a random nut fell out that doesn't fit anything. I bought the mower secondhand and I am wondering if the previous owner was using it as a spacer for the pulley. I don't see any spacer for that...